Дисертації на здобуття наукового ступеня доктора наук

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    РИМСЬКЕ ПРАВО ЯК ФЕНОМЕН ПРАВОВОЇ ДІЙСНОСТІ
    (Національна академія внутрішніх справ, Міністерство внутрішніх справ України, 2011) Вовк Вікторія Миколаївна
    У дисертації обґрунтовано низку нових концептуальних положень, висновків і рекомендацій, що мають важливе теоретичне та практичне значення, зокрема: вперше: − у вітчизняній гуманітаристиці здійснено дослідження римського права через призму буттєвості людини в античному історико-культурному середовищі, що дозволяє по-новому подивитися на онтологічні проблеми римського права та його вкоріненості в римську повсякденну практику, з притаманними йому константами правової дійсності; − обґрунтовано та запропоновано новий напрям антрополого-правового знання – культурно-правову антропологію; з позицій культурно-правової антропології дослідження римського права передбачає реконструкцію типових для римо-античного соціокультурного періоду ситуацій або структурних типологій правових відношень, а також ментальних настанов і стереотипів римо-античної культури; − охарактеризовано з філософсько-правових позицій процес правоутворення у Стародавньому Римі через аналіз правової технології квіритів та її зв’язку з ціннісно-настановчим комплексом римо-античної культури; − розглянуто як конститутивні начала римської правової дійсності явища мовчання і промовляння, які були свідченням неоднорідності римського суспільства з погляду наявних у ньому юридичних пільг і привілеїв, а також – одним із способів ієрархієзації римської спільноти; − досліджено художньо-літературне відображення римської правової дійсності в комедіях Плавта; доведено, що комедії Плавта у відповідній образній та сюжетній частинах є символічною формою відображення римського правового життя, основні моменти якого розкриваються через ідеальну конструкцію правової ситуації в сюжеті; − встановлено, що тілесність є теоретико-методологічним концептом римської правової реальності. Звернення до проблеми тілесності у праві через римо-правовий контекст є розширенням проблемного поля філософії права і водночас спробою «декодування» культурного досвіду стародавніх римлян; − обґрунтовано, що статева належність індивіда в римському праві мала юридичне значення, оскільки бути людиною за всіма соматичними показниками ще не означало бути його активним началом – суб’єктом права: жіноче тіло розумілося як не-чоловіче, а тому було «неповноцінне» з юридичної точки зору; − встановлено, що для римської правової дійсності значущими були явища живого і мертвого тіл.
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    ЗАКОН У СТРУКТУРІ ПРАВОВОЇ РЕАЛЬНОСТІ: ФІЛОСОФСЬКО-ПРАВОВИЙ АНАЛІЗ
    (2017) Савенко Віктор Васильович
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    Правове забезпечення фінансової безпеки України
    (2017) Бригінець Олександр Олексійович
    Дисертація є комплексним науковим дослідженням, яке вирішує науково практичну проблему удосконалення правового забезпечення фінансової безпеки України. У роботі визначено сучасну парадигму сутності та значення фінансової безпеки України. На основі аналізу основних положень норм чинного законодавства у сфері забезпечення фінансової безпеки держави зосереджено увагу на розв’язанні проблемних аспектів теоретико-прикладного характеру. Запропоновано внесення змін та доповнень до оновленої Концепції забезпечення фінансової безпеки України з розширенням її структурних елементів. Безпосередньо для удосконалення правового забезпечення фінансової безпеки держави розроблено проект Закону України «Про основи фінансової безпеки України», який передано до Верховної Ради України. Шляхом удосконалення теоретико-методологічних підходів фінансову безпеку держави розглянуто у вузькому та широкому значенні, що дало можливість визначити сучасні підходи до вирішення проблем правового забезпечення фінансової безпеки держави через правові норми. Відзначено доцільність врахування наукової позиції стосовно виділення основних елементів фінансової безпеки держави при розробці її правового забезпечення. Розкрито напрями правового забезпечення фінансової безпеки України в умовах глобалізації світового економіко-правового простору та економічної кризи. Запропоновано шляхи удосконалення правового забезпечення фінансової безпеки України на основі використання позитивного досвіду міжнародних фінансових організацій та фінансово розвинених держав.
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    Конституційний контроль в системі державного контролю: теоретико-правові та праксеологічні засади
    (2021) Івановська Алла Миколаївна
    Дисертація присвячена комплексному дослідженню конституційного контролю в системі державного контролю. Охарактеризовано категоріально-змістові передумови дослідження інституту конституційного контролю як виду державної контрольної діяльності. Проаналізовано історію становлення та сучасні моделі конституційного контролю. Визначено методологічні засади правового дослідження конституційного контролю як організаційно-правової форми діяльності держави. Розкрито поняття конституційного контролю як виду державної контрольної діяльності та проаналізовано його принципи. Досліджено місце конституційного контролю в механізмі здійснення публічної влади. Проведено аналіз функціональних аспектів реалізації конституційного контролю. Охарактеризовано основні особливості процесуальних відносин у сфері реалізації конституційного контролю. Досліджено правову природу підсумкових актів органів конституційного контролю як результату формалізації його здійснення. Розглянуто теоретико-правові та нормативні засади інституту конституційного контролю в Україні, наголошено на основних відмінностях Конституційного Суду України від судів системи судоустрою, його місці в системі розподілу влад. Зосереджено увагу на шляхах нормативного-правового забезпечення підвищення ефективності реалізації конституційного контролю як окремого виду державного контролю в Україні. The thesis is devoted to a comprehensive study of constitutional control in the system of state control, analysis of its role in the mechanism of public power, disclosure of functional and procedural aspects of its implementation, and determining ways to improve the effectiveness of the organization and implementation of constitutional control in Ukraine. The category-content preconditions of the study of the Institute of Constitutional Control as a type of state control activity have been described. It is noted that the fundamental principle of theoretical and methodological elements of the study of the Institute of Constitutional Control is the state control, which can be considered as a function of the state, as a means of ensuring legitimacy, as a stage of the management process, and in the broadest sense as a type of legal activity. It is concluded that, on the one hand, the state control is an administrative and legal category that determines an important direction of activity of public authorities, and on the other hand it is one of the fundamental foundations of the development of statehood, which allows us to talk about it as a constitutional and legal category. It is emphasized that constitutional control is a separate type of state control activity, which is caused by a special purpose, specific tasks, peculiarities of legal regulation of the procedure for the formation, organization and activities of constitutional control bodies. The history of formation and modern models of constitutional control are analyzed. It is determined that the main types of modern models of constitutional control are the American and European ones; their characteristics are defined, but it is indicated that a detailed analysis of constitutions, laws and state-legal practice allows us to speak about mixed models of constitutional control, which combine certain features inherent in both the American and European models. It is emphasized that at the present stage the European model in its various variants is dominant, which is explained by the advantages of the continental system of law in general and the law as a source of law in particular, as well as the ability of specialized bodies to exercise constitutional control more effectively that is the main function and the main purpose of such bodies. It is determined that the concept of constitutional control should be considered in a narrow sense. Accordingly, within the framework of the study, it is proposed to define the category of "constitutional control" as a specific activity of state bodies, provided with a special competence directly in the basic law, based on law enforcement and lawmaking principles and aimed at ensuring the rule of the constitution in the legal system of society. It is carried out under a strictly defined procedure and consists of the verification, detection, statement and elimination of inconsistencies of laws concerning constitution, other normative regulations, as well as actions (inaction) of public authorities, organizations or public associations, implementation of the official interpretation of the constitution and laws and the adoption of acts on this basis that have a binding and final character in its legal consequences. Having analyzed the characteristic features of constitutional control, it has been taken into account such features of the state control as the legal nature of the activity, the form of the state control, relations between the controlling subject and the controlled one, the object of the state control, the right of the state control body to cancel the acts of the entity under the control. The author has formulated the definition of the principles of the constitutional control as the key ideas, the initial principles of the organization and implementation of the activities of state bodies provided with a special competence to verify, identify, state and eliminate the inconsistencies of legal acts towards the constitution as well as the actions (inaction) of public authorities, organizations or public associations and the exercising of other powers that ensure improvement, ensuring the effectiveness and efficiency of such activities. It has been proved that while determining the principles of the constitutional control it is necessary to rely on the analysis of the principles of the state control as a category taking into account the specifics of the constitutional control as a type of state-legal activity. Therefore, the principles of the constitutional control are separate general principles of the state control, that is, those that reproduce the principles of control regardless of the sphere of public legal activity, (rule of law, legality, publicity, efficiency) and special principles that reflect the peculiarities of the constitutional control as a type of a state control (principle of independence of constitutional control, principle of impartiality, principle of universality and finality of results of constitutional control, principle of scientific quality). It is emphasized that the principles of the rule of law and constitutional legality, which are the fundamental principles of legal regulation of social relations in the sphere of constitutional control, are of system-forming importance. It has been proved that constitutional control cannot be considered a function of any of the branches of government because it decisively affects the provision of a clear balance between the branches of government and has a significant impact on all types of public power while resolving the questions concerning the establishment and separation of powers between the legislative, executive and judicial branches of government, as well as between the bodies of the national and regional (local) level. It is emphasized that the key point that reflects the unique role of constitutional control in the process of public power in the state is the function of exercising the state control over the conformity of acts, actions (inaction) of public authorities and other subjects of public relations of the basic law of the state. The analysis of functional aspects of the implementation of the constitutional control has been carried out. The author's definition of constitutional control of norms is proposed as the main form of implementation of the constitutional control, which represents the activities of specially authorized state authorities to check the conformity of constitutional norms, constitutional spirit and principle of constitutionality of legal acts, which is carried out in order to ensure the rule of the basic law and establish legal statehood. It is emphasized that the constitutional control of norms is the main purpose of the institute of constitutional control. Having analyzed the characteristics of the official interpretation as well as specifying it as a separate form of constitutional control, it has been formulated the definition of official interpretation as the activities of the state-authorized body, i.e. to clarify the content of the norms of the constitution or law in order to fill gaps in the regulation of legal relations, to eliminate differences in the understanding of a certain legal norm by various subjects when implementing the right. It is confirmed that constitutional control is the most effective means of resolving conflicts in the sphere of establishment and distribution of competence between bodies of public power as it contributes to ensuring constitutional balance between bodies of public power, coordination of interests of subjects of public-power relations. It is emphasized that it is in the sphere of establishing and distribution of competence between bodies of public power that the legal nature of the constitutional control as a separate type of the state control activity is fully manifested; while exercising such powers, constitutional control bodies determine the subjects of such bodies, which indicate the managerial nature of relations in this sphere. It has been inferred that the mechanism of protection of rights and freedoms through constitutional control depends on the model of constitutional control that operates in the relevant state. It is justified that the direct opportunity to resort to constitutional control, as a form of protection of constitutional rights of a person whose rights are violated, should be only in case of constitutional and legislative consolidation of the institute of constitutional complaint in the relevant state. The constitutional complaint is defined as a direct appeal of a person of private law to a constitutional control body with a requirement to check the constitutionality of a certain legal act or the actions of a public authority or an official if such act or action violates his constitutional rights and freedoms. The main elements of the constitutional complaint are the subjects and motives for its submission, the subject of the constitutional complaint and the basic conditions to be accepted as a constitutional complaint. The author has come to the conclusion that nowadays the most common model of constitutional complaint is the model of partial constitutional complaint. Such model provides an opportunity to challenge normative legal acts or their separate types. But the dissemination of a model of complete constitutional complaint can be considered as the tendency to develop the institution of constitutional complaint as it provides for the possibility to check the constitutionality of any legal acts including individual acts of law enforcement. The definition of procedural legal relations in the sphere of implementation of constitutional control has been formulated. Under procedural legal relations it is necessary to understand social relations formed between the subjects of law in the process of implementation of constitutional control and regulated by constitution, legislation, and regulatory norms. It is emphasized that such legal relations have specific features that are manifested in their objects as a part of the subjects of these relations, in the nature of procedural rights and obligations of these subjects. Based on the generalized analysis of scientific approaches to the separation of concepts of ‘constitutional and legal dispute’, ‘constitutional and legal conflict’ and ‘constitutional and legal collision’ it is justified that the object of procedural relations in the field of constitutional control should be considered an existing or possible constitutional and legal conflict. Subjects of procedural relations in the field of constitutional control are defined as bodies of power and persons involved in the process of implementation of constitutional control, as well as authorities and persons entering into certain relations with the constitutional control body related to the implementation of constitutional control, which have a certain procedural status and a set of procedural rights and duties. Two types of subjects of procedural relations have been distinguished. Depending on the degree of participation in the process of implementation of constitutional control they are: 1) the main subjects which should include the body of constitutional control as the organizer of the procedure of constitutional control; 2) and the secondary ones related to the process of implementation of constitutional control, which contribute to its implementation. The author has proposed the definition to the concept of the process of constitutional control implementation. It is defined as regulated by procedural norms form of activities of constitutional control bodies to verify the compliance of acts and actions (inaction) of public authorities and their officials with the prescriptions of the constitutions, as well as the resolution of other issues of public legal nature aimed at ensuring the rule of the constitution in the legal system of society and adoption of mandatory and final acts on this basis. The author discloses features of the constitutional control process and distinguishes it from the process of judicial proceedings in the courts of the judiciary system, which include such features as: 1) it is regulated as a rule by regulations of specialized bodies of constitutional control (under the conditions of European model of constitutional control), by acts regulating the rules of general justice or court precedents (under the conditions of American model of constitutional control and mixed models); 2) the process of implementation of constitutional control does not include all the principles according to which the judiciary is carried out in the courts of the judiciary system; 3) unlike the results of the administration of justice in the courts of the judiciary system, the results of the process of implementation of constitutional control have a decisive impact on public relations, on the development of the legal system and statehood in general. The author has proposed the definition to the concept of the final act of the constitutional control body, i.e. it is a legal act adopted by the relevant body of constitutional control within its competence and in accordance with the procedure established by law contains the conclusions of the constitutional control body, which were adopted by this body as a result of the constitutional control of norms, official interpretation of the constitution or laws, the exercise of other powers stipulated by the legislation as well as it has a state-of-the-government nature and a binding force throughout the state and cannot be appealed. It is emphasized that the final acts of constitutional control bodies have a normative and legal nature; they are able to generate certain legal consequences and aimed at regulating certain social relations. It has been investigated the essence of the legal positions of the constitutional control body. They are defined as a system of arguments set forth in the motivating part of the decision and the final conclusions set forth in the resolution part of the decision adopted on the results of constitutional control. These conclusions express the attitude of the constitutional control body to a certain public-legal phenomenon (fact, problem) and represent the will of all or most members of the constitutional control body; they also have a general nature of action and are binding throughout the state and have the same legal force as the acts of the constitutional control body in which they are contained. Two types of legal positions of constitutional control bodies have been distinguished: 1) legal positions formulated as a result of constitutional control of norms; 2) legal positions formulated as a result of the official interpretation of the constitution and laws. Attention is focused on the main differences of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine from the courts of the judiciary system, which include the following: 1) a special system of legislation; 2) difference in the methods and order of formation; 3) different subject competence; 4) difference between subjects and procedural form of exercising its powers; 5) differences in the legal nature of the final acts. It is emphasized that differences of functional nature play the defining role, since the Constitutional Court carries out a special function of the constitutional control and it permeates all the powers of the Constitutional Court. It is proved that the Constitutional Court of Ukraine carries out its functions outside both the judiciary and other branches of government organizationally and functionally; it acts in the sphere of ensuring the state organization as a whole; it is the highest constitutional body in the mechanism of public power of Ukraine; its main function and assignment is constitutional control as a separate type of state control activity. And it is the status of the body of constitutional control that shall be consolidated at the constitutional and legislative level. The ways of normative and legal support to improve the effectiveness of the implementation of constitutional control as a separate type of state control in Ukraine have been outlined: improving the competitive procedure for selection of candidates for the positions of judges of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, increasing the requirements for candidates for these positions; including in the list of powers of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine the right to carry out the following constitutional control of the laws of Ukraine on amendments and additions to the Constitution of Ukraine and the right to resolve issues on the establishment and separation of competence between public authorities both horizontally and vertically; improving of the national model of constitutional complaint on the basis of positive foreign experience; restoring the right of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine to carry out an official interpretation of the laws, taking into account the shortcomings of the previous legal regulation of the exercise of this authority; constitutional and legislative definition of the mechanism of execution of decisions of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine